Other Events and Attributes:

• Occupation: Abt 1112, Portugal; Greve av Burgund.
• Occupation: Abt 1139, Portugal; Konge av Portugal.

Notes:

Occupation:
Alfonso var sønnen til grev Henrik av Burgund og grevinne Teresa av Leon. I 1112 etterfulgte han sin far som greve av Portugal, og overtok 1128 selv regjeringen.

Occupation:
Alfonso 1 (25.juni 1109 – 6.desember 1185), mer kjent som D. Afonso Henriques, oppnavnet var Erobreren (portugisisk: o Conquistador), Grunnleggeren (portugisisk: o Fundador) eller Den store (portugisisk: o Grande) av portugiserne og El-Bortukali (Portugiseren) og Ibn-Arrik (sønn av Henrik, Henriques) av maurere (iberiske muslimene) som han kjempet imot.
Han var den første konge av Portugal. Han skaffet seg uavhengighet for den sørlige delen av kongedømmet Galicia, et grevskap i Portugal, fra Galicias overherre, kongen av León, i 1139. Han etablerte et nytt kongedømme og deretter fordoblet sitt område med Reconquista, et mål som han fulgte fram til sin død i 1185, etter 46 år med kriger mot maurerne.

Hans etterfølger var sønnen Sancho 1 av Portugal.

Afonso 1 var sønn av Henrik av Burgund, greve av Portugal, og Theresa av León, datter av kong Afonso 6 av León Paret styrte sammen som greve og grevinne av Portugal fram til Henriks død. Deretter regjerte Theresa alene.

Afonso, født i 1109, tok tittelen som prins etter å ha tatt tronen fra sin mor, støttet av flertallet av den portugisiske adelen som mislikte hva som hadde skjedd med alliansen mellom Galicia og Portugal. Theresa hadde giftet seg på nytt med en av de mektigste grevene i Galicia. I 1120 sluttet den unge prinsen seg til Paio Mendes da Maia, erkebiskop av Braga som var en politisk fiende av Theresa, og begge ble landsforvist på hennes ordre.

I 1122 ble Afonso fjorten år, noe som ble betraktet som voksen på 1100-tallet. Han opphøyde seg selv til ridder på egenhånd i katedralen i Zamora, samlet en hær og begynte å ta kontroll over sin mors landområder. I nærheten av Guimarães, i slaget ved São Mamede i 1128, beseiret han hæren til stefar og allierte grev Fernando Peres de Trava av Galicia.[2] Deretter forviste han sin mor for alltid til et kloster i Galicia. Muligheten å legge Portugal (den gang kjent som sørlige Galicia) inn under kongeriket Portugal og Galicia ble avverget, og Afonso ble enehersker (hertug av Portugal) som følge av kravene på uavhengighet fra landets kirke og adel. Han beseiret også morens nevø, Alfonso 7 av León, som kom for å hjelpe henne, og således frigjorde han kongekommet fra den politiske avhengigheten til kongedømmet León. Den 6.april 1129 dikterte Afonso Henriques stevningen hvor han utropte seg selv til prins av Portugal.

Afonso vendte deretter sin hær mot de vedvarende problemet med maurerne i sør. Hans krigføring var vellykket, og den 25.juli 1139 fikk han en overveldende seier i slaget ved Ourique. I feiringen av dette slaget ble det første portugisiske våpenskjold opprettet, bestående fem små skjold i blå farve som kanskje representerte de fem beseirede mauriske konger. Rett etter ble han utropt som konge av portugiserne av sin soldater, noe som etablerte han i lik rang og verdighet med de andre kongerikene på den iberiske halvøy. Det første statsråd ved Lamego hvor han skulle bli gitt kongekronen av erkebiskopen av Braga for å bekrefte hans uavhengighet, er forskjønnelse på 1600-tallet av portugisiske historie.

Uavhengighet fra Alfonso 7 av Leóns overhøyhet var imidlertid ikke noe han kunne oppnå militært. Grevskapet Portugal måtte fortsatt bli anerkjent diplomatisk av nabolandene som et kongedømme og mest viktig av den katolske kirke og paven. Afonso giftet seg med Matilda av Savoie, datter av grev Amadeus 3 av Savoie, og sendte sine ambassadører til Roma for å forhandle med paven. Han lyktes å avverge Leóns overherredømme og ble isteden en vasall av pavedømmet, slik som kongene av Sicilia og Aragón hadde blitt før ham. I pavebullen Manifestis Probatum, datert til 23.mai 1179, aksepterte den nye kongen som vasall av paven.

Alfonso 1 bygget flere klostre og ga betydelige privilegier til de religiøse ordrene. Blant de viktigste var klosteret i Alcobaça nord for Lisboa for cistercienserordenen til hans onkel Bernhard av Clairvaux i Burgund. I 1143 skrev han til pave Innocens 2 for å erklære at han selv og hans kongedømme var kirkens tjenere, og sverget at han ville fordrive de vantro ut av den iberiske halvøya. Ved å forbigå kongen i León erklærte Afonso seg som pavedømmets direkte lensherre. Han fortsatte å utmerke seg i kampene mot maurerne. Han erobret Santarém i 1147 og etter å ha beleiret Lisboa i 1147 ble byen frigjort fra maurernes herredømme samme år. Han fortsatte med å erobre viktige deler av landet sør for elven Tajo, skjønt det gikk tapt i følgende årene.

Samtidig anså kong Alfonso 7 av León (Alfonsos fetter) den uavhengige herskeren av Portugal som ingenting annet enn en opprører. Konflikten mellom de to var konstant og bitter i de påfølgende årene. Afonso ble involvert i en krig hvor han allierte seg med kongen av Aragón, en fiende av kongedømmet Castilla. For å sikre denne alliansen ble Alfonsos sønn Sancho forlovet med Dulce, søster av greven av Barcelona og Infanta av Aragón. Til sist, i 1143, ble traktaten i Zamora etablert som sikret fred mellom fetterne og hvor kongeriket León anerkjente at Portugal var et uavhengig kongerike.

I 1169 ble den nå gamle dom Alfonso skadd mens han drev krigføring i nærheten av Badajoz etter å ha falt av hesten. Han ble tatt til fange av soldatene til kong Ferdinand 2 av León, som også var hans svigersønn. For å få ham tilbakelevert måtte Portugal betalte i løsepenger bortimot alle de erobringer som Afonso hadde gjort i Galicia, nord for elven Miño, de senere år. I 1179 ble de privilegier og gunst gitt til den katolske kirke kompensert. I pavebullen Manifestis Probatum, anerkjente pave Alexander 3 Afonso som konge og Portugal som et uavhengig kongerike med rett til å erobre land fra maurerne. Med denne velsignelsen fra paven var Portugal til sist sikret som kongerike.

I 1184, til tross for hans høye alder, hadde Afonso fortsatt nok energi til å hjelpe sin sønn dom Sancho som var beleiret i Santarém av maurerne. Afonso døde kort tid etter den 6.desember 1185. Portugiserne hedret ham som en helt, både for hans personlige karakter og som grunnleggeren av nasjonen. Det finnes mytiske fortellinger om at det trengtes ti menn for å bære sverdet hans og at Afonso ville utfordre andre monarker i tvekamp, men ingen turte å ta imot hans utfordring.

I juli 2006 ble graven til kongen i Coimbra åpnet av forskere fra Universitetet i Coimbra og Universitetet i Granada. Åpningen av graven opprørte deler av det portugisisk samfunnet, og IPPAR (Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico), det portugisisk byrået for arkitektonisk fedrenearv. Myndigheten stoppet undersøkelsene, krevde flere protokoller fra forskerne grunnet kongens betydning i nasjonens grunnleggelse.

Died:
Coimbra (lat. Conimbricae) er en by sentralt i Portugal ved elven Mondego, og er hovedsete for distriktet Coimbra og regionen Centro.

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. Sancho av Portugal, "Sancho 1" was born about 1154; died about 1211.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Occupation: Abt 1093, Portugal; Greve av Burgund.

Notes:

Occupation:
Henrik av Burgund, portugisisk Henrique de Borgonha, var greve av grevskapet Portugal (1093-1112) i Kongeriket Leon og Castilla.

Han var dermed stamfar til det eldste portugisiske kongehuset, og hans sønn Alfonso 1 av Portugal var Portugals første konge.

Henrik married Theresa av Leon about 1093. Theresa (daughter of Alfonso av Leon, "Alfonso 6" and Jimena Munoz) was born about 1080; died on 11 Nov 1130. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Married:
Theresa of Portugal (Portuguese: Teresa; Galician-Portuguese: Tareja) (1080 – 11 November 1130) was the Countess of Portugal. She rebelled against vassalage to the Kingdom of León, and was referred to as Queen of Portugal by the pope in 1116, but was forced to accept Portugal's status as a county subject to León in 1121. Her political and amorous affairs with Galician nobleman Fernando Pérez de Traba led to her ouster by her son, Afonso Henriques, who with the support of the Portuguese nobility and clergy defeated her at the Battle of São Mamede in 1128.

Theresa was the illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso 6 of León and Castile by Ximena Moniz.

In 1093, her father married her to a French nobleman, Henry of Burgundy, nephew of Queen Constance, a brother of the Duke of Burgundy, a descendant of the kings of France in the male line. Henry was providing military assistance to his father-in-law against the Muslims on the Portuguese march.

In the first months of 1096, Henry and his cousin Raymond of Burgundy, husband of Queen Urraca, reached an agreement whereby each swore under oath that Raymond would give Henry the kingdom of Toledo and one-third of the royal treasury after King Alfonso's death and, if that was not possible, Henry would receive the kingdom of Galicia, while Henry, in turn, promised to support his cousin Raymond in securing all of the king's dominions and two-thirds of the treasury. King Alfonso, however, after becoming aware of this covenant, appointed Henry governor of all the land between the Minho River and Santarem, governed until then by Raymond, thereby limiting his son-in-law's government to Galicia. The two cousins then, instead of being allies, became rivals, each vying to obtain the king's favor. Upon the death of King Alfonso, Henry and Theresa continued governing these lands south of the Minho, and later, in December 1111 under the reign of Queen Urraca, were also governing Zamora.

At first, Theresa and Henry were vassals of her father, but Alfonso 6 died in 1109, leaving everything to his legitimate daughter, Queen Urraca of Castile. Henry invaded León, hoping to add it to his lands. When he died in 1112, Theresa was left to deal with the military and political situation. She took on the responsibility of government, and occupied herself at first mainly with her southern lands, that had only recently been reconquered from the Moors as far as the Mondego River. In recognizing her victory in defending Coimbra, she was called "Queen" by Pope Paschal II and in light of this recognition, she appears in her documents as Daughter of Alphonso and elected by God, explicitly being called queen in an 1117 document, leading some to refer to her as the first monarch of Portugal.

In 1116, in an effort to expand her power, Theresa fought her half-sister, Queen Urraca. They fought again in 1120, as she continued to pursue a larger share in the Leonese inheritance, and allied herself as a widow to the most powerful Galician nobleman for that effect. This was the Fernando Pérez, Count of Trava, who had rejected his first wife to openly marry her, and served her on her southern border of the Mondego. In 1121, she was besieged and captured at Lanhoso, on her northern border with Galicia, fighting her sister Urraca. A negotiated peace was coordinated with aid from the Archbishops of Santiago de Compostela and Braga. The terms included that Theresa can go free only if she holds the County of Portugal as a vassal of León, as she had received it at first.

By 1128, the Archbishop of Braga and the main Portuguese feudal nobles had had enough of her persistent Galician alliance, which the first feared could favour the ecclesiastical pretensions of his new rival the Galician Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, Diego Gelmírez, who had just started to assert his pretensions to an alleged discovery of relics of Saint James in his town, as his way to gain power and riches over the other cathedrals in the Iberian Peninsula.

The Portuguese lords rebelled, and the Queen was deposed after a short civil war. Her son and heir, Afonso, defeated Teresa's troops at the Battle of São Mamede near Guimarães and led her, along with the Count of Traba and their children, into exile in the kingdom of Galicia, near the Portuguese border, where the Traba had founded the monastery of Toxas Altas. Teresa died soon afterwards in 1130. She was succeeded by her son, who would eventually lead Portugal into becoming a fully independent nation.

By Henry, Count of Portugal, Theresa had:
1. Urraca of Portugal (born c. 1095-after 1169), wife of Bermudo Pérez de Traba, son of count Pedro Fróilaz, with issue.

2. Sancha of Portugal (1097–1163), appears in 1129 as the wife of Sancho Núñez. Their daughter, María Sánchez was the abbess at the Monastery of Sobrado in Galicia.

3. Theresa of Portugal (born c. 1098).

4. Henry of Portugal (1106–1110).

5. King Afonso I of Portugal (1109–1185).

6. Pedro, abbot at the Monastery of Alcobaça where he was buried.

She had two daughters with count Fernando Pérez de Traba:
1. Teresa Fernández de Traba (d. 1180) wife of count Nuño Pérez de Lara (d. 1177) and, when widowed, the second wife of King Ferdinand 2 of León.

2. Sancha Fernández de Traba (d. after March 1181). Married before 1150 count Álvaro Rodríguez de Sarria, with issue. After being widowed, she became the second wife of count Pedro Alfonso and, widowed again, married count Gonzalo Ruiz; without any issue from these two marriages.

Kilder:
LÓPEZ-SANGIL, José Luis (2002). La nobleza altomedieval gallega, la familia Froílaz-Traba. La Coruña: Toxosoutos, S.L. ISBN 84-95622-68-8.
MARTÍNEZ DIEZ, Gonzalo (2003). Alfonso VI: Señor del Cid, conquistador de Toledo. Madrid: Temas de Hoy, S.A. ISBN 84-8460-251-6.
MATTOSO, José, D. Afonso Henriques, Círculo de Leitores e Centro de Estudos dos Povos e Culturas de Expressão Portuguesa, 1st ed., Lisboa, 2006, ISBN 978-972-42-3867-8.
TORRES SEVILLA-QUIÑONES DE LEÓN, Margarita Cecilia (1999). Linajes nobiliarios de León y Castilla: Siglos IX-XIII. Salamanca: Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de educación y cultura. ISBN 84-7846-781-5.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Occupation: Abt 1065, Leon, Spania; Konge.

Notes:

Occupation:
Alfonso 6 (before June, 1040 – June 29/July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave (El Bravo) or the Valiant, was King of León from 1065, King of Castile and de facto King of Galicia from 1072. After the conquest of Toledo in 1085 he was also the self-proclaimed victoriosissimo rege in Toleto, et in Hispania et Gallecia (most victorious king of Toledo, and of Spain and Galicia).

Alfonso was the second son of Ferdinand the Great and Sancha of León, the daughter of Alfonso the Noble and sister to Bermudo 3 of León. Following his defeat and killing of Bermudo in battle, Ferdinand was crowned King of León and Castile and called himself Emperor of Spain. When the kingdom was divided following his father's death, Alfonso was allotted León. Castile was given to his older brother Sancho and Galicia to his younger brother García.

As the middle of three sons of King Ferdinand 1 of León and Sancha of León, Alfonso was allotted León when the kingdom was divided following his father's death, while Castile was given to his elder brother Sancho, Galicia to younger brother García, and sisters Urraca and Elvira given the cities of Zamora and Toro respectively. Each of the brothers was also assigned a sphere of influence among the Taifa states. Alfonso appears to have taken the first step in violating this division.

In 1068 he invaded the Galician client Taifa of Badajoz and extorted tribute. In response, Sancho attacked and defeated Alfonso at Llantada but three years later, in 1071, they joined forces against García. Sancho marched across Alfonso's León to conquer García's northern lands at the time that Alfonso in the southern part of the Galician realm issuing charters. García fled to the taifa of Seville, and the remaining brothers then turned on each other. This conflict culminated in the Battle of Golpejera in early January 1072.
Sancho proved victorious and Alfonso was forced to flee to his client Taifa of Toledo. Later that year as Sancho was mopping up the last of the resistance, besieging his sister Urraca at Zamora in October, he was assassinated. This opened the way for Alfonso to return to claim Sancho's crown. García, induced to return from exile, was imprisoned by Alfonso for life, leaving Alfonso in uncontested control of the reunited territories of their father. In recognition of this and his role as the preeminent Christian monarch on the peninsula, in 1077 Alfonso proclaimed himself Emperor of all Spain.

In the cantar de gesta The Lay of the Cid, he plays the part attributed by medieval poets to the greatest kings, and to Charlemagne himself. He is alternately the oppressor and the victim of heroic and self-willed nobles — the idealized types of the patrons for whom the jongleurs and troubadours sang. He is the hero of a cantar de gesta which, like all but a very few of the early Spanish songs, such as the cantar of Bernardo del Carpio and the Infantes of Lara, exists now only in the fragments incorporated in the chronicle of Alfonso the Wise or in ballad form.

His flight from the monastery of Sahagún (Safagún in Leonese language), where his brother Sancho endeavoured to imprison him, his chivalrous friendship with his host Almamun of Toledo, caballero aunque moro, "a knight although a Moor", the passionate loyalty of his vassal, Pero (Pedro) Ansúrez, and his brotherly love for his sister Urraca of Zamora, may owe something to the poet who regarded him as a hero.

They are the answer to the poet of the nobles who represented the king as having submitted to taking a degrading oath at the hands of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid) to deny intervention in his brother's death in the church of Santa Gadea at Burgos, and as having then persecuted the brave man who defied him.

Alfonso 6 stands out as a strong king whose interest was in law and order. He was a leader of his state during the Reconquista who was regarded by the Arabs as a very fierce and astute enemy, but also as a man who kept his word. A story of Muslim origin tells of how he responded to a challenge during a game of chess made by Ibn Ammar, the favourite of Al Mutamid, the King of Seville. They played chess on a very beautiful table and with a set of chess pieces belonging to Ibn Ammar. The table and the chess pieces were to go to Alfonso if he won. If Ibn Ammar won, then he could name the stake. The latter did win and demanded that the Christians should spare Seville. Alfonso kept his word.

Whatever truth may lie behind the romantic tales of the relationships and interactions between the Christians and Muslims during the Reconquista, Alfonso personified the influences that were then shaping the character and civilisation of the Iberian peninsula.

Alfonso showed a greater degree of interest than his predecessors in increasing the links between Iberia and the rest of Christian Europe. The past marital practices of the Iberian royalty had been to limit the choice of partners to the peninsula and Gascony, but Alfonso had French and Italian consorts, and arranged to marry his daughters to French princes and an Italian king. His second marriage was arranged, in part, through the influence of the French Cluniac Order, and Alfonso is said to have introduced them into Iberia, established them in Sahagun and choosing a French Cluniac, Bernard, as the first Archbishop of Toledo after its 1085 conquest. He also drew his kingdom nearer to the Papacy, a move which encouraged French crusaders to aid him in the reconquest of the peninsula from Muslim control, and it was Alfonso's decision which established the Roman ritual in place of the old missal of Saint Isidore — the Mozarabic rite.

On the other hand he was tolerant towards the Arabs living in Iberia. He protected the Muslims among his subjects and struck coins with inscriptions in Arabic letters. He also admitted to his court and to his bed the refugee Muslim princess Zaida of Seville.
Alfonso married at least five times and had two mistresses. He is also thought to have been betrothed to a daughter of King William I of England, but her name is uncertain.

In 1069, Alfonso married Agnes of Aquitaine, daughter of William 8 of Aquitaine and his second wife Mateoda. They last appear together in May 1077, and then Alfonso appears alone. This suggests that she had died, although Orderic Vitalis reports that in 1109 Alfonso's relict Agnes remarried to Elias 1 of Maine, leading some to speculate that Alfonso and Agnes had divorced due to consanguinity. It seems more likely that Orderic gave the wrong name to Alfonso's widow, Beatrice. Agnes and Alfonso had no children.

Apparently between his first and second marriages he formed a liaison with Jimena Muñoz, a most noble (nobilissima) concubine derived from royalty (real generacion). She appears to have been put aside, given land in Ulver, at the time of Alfonso's remarriage. By her Alfonso had two illegitimate daughters, Elvira and Teresa.

His second wife, who he married by May 1080, was Constance of Burgundy, daughter of Robert 1, Duke of Burgundy. This marriage initially faced papal opposition, apparently due to her kinship with Agnes. Her tenure as queen consort brought significant Cluniac influences into the kingdom. She died in September or October, 1093, the mother of Alfonso's eldest legitimate daughter Urraca, and of 5 other children who died in infancy.

Either before or shortly after Constance's death, Alfonso formed a liaison with a second mistress, Zaida of Seville, said by Iberian Muslim sources to be daughter-in-law of Al Mutamid, the Muslim King of Seville.
She fled the fall of Seville for Alfonso's kingdom in 1091, and soon became his lover, having by him Alfonso's only son, Sancho, who, though illegitimate, was apparently not born of an adulterous relationship, and hence born after the death of Constance. He would be named his father's heir.

Several modern sources have suggested that Zaida, baptised under the name of Isabel, is identical with Alfonso's later wife, Queen Isabel (or that she was a second queen named Isabel whom he married in succession to the first). Zaida/Isabel died in childbirth, but the date is unknown, and it is unclear whether the child being delivered was Sancho, an additional illegitimate child, otherwise unknown, or legitimate daughter Elvira (if Zaida was identical to Queen Isabel).

By April 1095, Alfonso married Bertha. Chroniclers report her as being from Tuscany, Lombardy, or alternatively, say she was French. Several theories have been put forward regarding her origin. Based on political considerations, proposals make her daughter of William 1, Count of Burgundy or of Amadeus 2 of Savoy. She had no children and died in late 1099 (Alfonso first appears without her in mid-January 1100).

Within months, by May 1100, Alfonso again remarried, to Isabel, having by her 2 daughters, Sancha, (wife of Rodrigo González de Lara), and Elvira, (who married Roger 2 of Sicily).
A non-contemporary tomb inscription says she was daughter of a king Louis of France, but this is chronologically impossible. It has been speculated that she was of Burgundian origin, but others conclude that Alfonso married his former mistress, Zaida, who had been baptized as Isabel.

(In a novel twist, Reilly suggested that there were two successive queens named Isabel: first the French (Burgundian) Isabel, mother of Sancha and Elvira, with Alfonso only later marrying his mistress Zaida (Isabel), after the death of or divorce from the first Isabel.)

Alfonso was again widowed in mid-1107.

By May 1108, Alfonso married his last wife, Beatrice. She, as widow of Alfonso, is said to have returned home to France, but nothing else is known of her origin unless she is the woman Orderic named as Agnes, daughter of William, Duke of Poitou, who as relict of Alfonso,
(Agnetem, filiam Guillelmi, Pictavorum ducis, relictam Hildefonsi senioris, Galliciae regis), remarried to Elias of Maine. If this is the case, she is likely daughter of William 9 of Aquitaine and niece of Alfonso's first wife. Beatrice had no children by Alfonso.

One other woman was reported by later sources to have been Alfonso's lover. The historian Abu Bakr Ibn al Sayraff, writing before 1161, stated that Alfonso abandoned Christianity for Zoroastrianism and had carnal relations with his sister Urraca, but then repented and was absolved, making pilgrimages to holy sites as penance. This has been followed by some later historians but others dismiss it as propaganda or misunderstanding.
Alfonso was defeated on 23 October 1086, at the battle of Sagrajas, at the hands of Yusuf ibn Tashfin, and Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, and was severely wounded in the leg. However, he recovered to continue as king of Leon and Castile.

Alfonso's designated successor, his son Sancho, was slain after being routed at the Battle of Uclés in 1108, making Alfonso's eldest legitimate daughter, the widowed Urraca as his heir. In order to strengthen her position as his successor, Alfonso began negotiations for her to marry her second cousin, Alfonso 1 of Aragon and Navarre, but died before the marriage could take place.

Alfonso married Jimena Munoz. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Ferdinand married Sancha av Leon. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]