Adelheide married Vratislav av Böhmen, "Vratislav 2" about 1055. Vratislav (son of Bretislav av Böhmen, "Bretislav 1" and Judith av Böhmen) was born about 1035; died on 14 Jan 1092. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. Judith av Böhmen was born about 1055; died about 1086.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Occupation: 1038, Ungarn; Konge.

Notes:

Occupation:
Andrew 1 the White or the Catholic (Hungarian: 1. Fehér or Katolikus András or Endre; c. 1015 – Zirc, before 6 December 1060) was King of Hungary from 1046 to 1060. He descended from a younger branch of the Árpád dynasty. After spending 15 years in exile, he ascended the throne during an extensive revolt of the pagan Hungarians. He strengthened the position of Christianity in the Kingdom of Hungary and successfully defended its independence against the Holy Roman Empire.

His efforts to ensure the succession of his son, Solomon, resulted in the open revolt of his brother, Béla. Béla dethroned Andrew by force in 1060. Andrew suffered severe injuries during the fighting and died before his brother was crowned king.

Medieval sources provide two contradictory reports of the parents of Andrew, and his two brothers, Levente and Béla. For instance, the Chronicle of Zagreb and Saint Gerard's Life write that their father was Vazul, a grandson of Taksony, Grand Prince of the Hungarians (r. c. 955–c. 970). The Illuminated Chronicle and other medieval sources write of Vazul's relationship with "some girl" from the Tátony clan who bore his sons, who thus were not born of a true marriage-bed. According to a concurrent tradition, which has been preserved by most chronicles, the three princes were the sons of Vazul's brother, Ladislas the Bald. Modern historians, who reject the latter report, agree that Andrew and his brothers were the sons of Vazul and his concubine from the Tátony clan. According to the historian Gyula Kristó, Andrew was the second among Vazul's three sons. He writes that Andrew was born around 1015.

According to medieval chronicles, Vazul was blinded during the reign of his cousin, King Stephen 1, the first Christian monarch of Hungary (r. 997–1038). The king ordered Vazul's mutilation after the death, in 1031, of Emeric, his only son surviving infancy. The contemporary Annals of Altaich writes that the king himself ordered the mutilation of one of his kinsmen, who had strong claim to the throne, in an attempt to ensure a peaceful succession to his own sister's son, Peter Orseolo. The same source adds that the king expelled his blinded cousin's three sons from Hungary. According to the contrasting report of the Hungarian chronicles, King Stephen wanted to save the young princes' lives from their enemies in the royal court and counselled them with all speed to depart from Hungary.

Having his own son died in his father's life, and having no other sons, Stephen, the king of good memory, who was the maternal uncle of [Peter Orseolo], adopted and appointed him as heir to his kingdom. For his kinsman's son disagreed with him on this, [Stephen] had him blinded, even if he was worthier of the kingdom, and sent his little sons into exile.

— Annals of Altaich.

Exiled from Hungary, Andrew and his brothers settled in the court of Duke Oldrich of Bohemia (r. 1012–1033). Here they came across King Mieszko 2 of Poland (r. 1025–1031, 1032–1034) who likewise took refuge in Bohemia after his opponents had expelled him from his kingdom. The Polish monarch regained his crown and returned to Poland in 1032. Andrew, Béla and Levente, whose condition of life was poor and mean in Bohemia, followed Mieszko II who received them kindly and honourably in Poland.After the youngest among them, Béla, married a daughter of Mieszko II, Andrew and Levente decided to depart from Poland, because they felt that they would be living in Poland under their brother's shadow, according to Simon of Kéza.

Hungarian chronicles have preserved a story full of fabulous or anachronistic details of the two brothers' ensuing wanderings. For instance, they narrate that Andrew and Levente were captured by Cumans, but the latter only arrived in Europe in the 1050s. Having faced many hardships, Andrew and Levente established themselves in the court of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev (r. 1019–1054) in the late 1030s. The grand prince gave his daughter, Anastasia in marriage to Andrew. Kristó writes that Andrew, who had up to that time remained pagan, was baptized on this occasion.

Having received permission from (the Polish monarch, Andrew and Levente) left their brother (Béla) behind and made their way to the King of Lodomeria, who did not receive them. Since they had nowhere to lay their head, they went from there to the (Cumans). Seeing that they were persons of excellent bearing, the (Cumans) thought that they had come to spy out the land, and unless a captive Hungarian had recognized them, they should certainly have killed them; but they kept them with them for some time. Then they departed thence to Russia.

— The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle.

In the meantime, King Peter Orseolo, who had succeeded King Stephen in Hungary in 1038, alienated many lords and prelates from himself, especially when he solemnly recognized the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry 3 in 1045. According to the Illuminated Chronicle, the discontented lords, seeing the sufferings of their people, assembled in Csanád (Cenad, Romania). They agreed to send envoys to Andrew and Levente to Kiev in order to persuade them to return to Hungary. Fearing some treacherous ambush, the 2 brothers only set out after the agents they had sent to Hungary confirmed that the Hungarians were ripe for an uprising against the king.

By the time the two brothers decided to return, a revolt had broken out in Hungary. It was dominated by pagans who captured many clergymen and mercilessly slaughtered them. Andrew and Levente met the rebels at Abaújvár. The Illuminated Chronicle narrates how the pagans urged the dukes to allow the whole people to live according to the rites of the pagans, to kill the bishops and the clergy, to destroy the churches, to throw off the Christian faith and to worship idols. The same source adds that Andrew and Levente gave in to all their demands, for otherwise they would not fight for them against King Peter.

The Annals of Altaich states that Andrew savagely raged against the flock of the Holy Church. Even so, Bishop Gerard of Csanád and four other prelates were ready to join Andrew, but the pagans captured and slaughtered three of them (including Gerard) at Buda. King Peter decided to flee from Hungary and take refugee in Austria. However, Andrew's envoys tricked the king to return before he reached the frontier, and they captured and blinded him.

Most Hungarian lords and the prelates opposed the restoration of paganism. They preferred the devout Christian Andrew to his pagan brother Levente, even if, at least according to Kristó and Steinhübel, the latter was the eldest among Vazul's 3 sons. The Hungarian chronicles write that Levente, who died in short time, did not oppose his brother's ascension to the throne. The three bishops who had survived the pagan uprising crowned Andrew in Székesfehérvár in the last quarter of 1046 or in the spring of 1047. Historian Ferenc Makk writes that Andrew was crowned with a crown that the Byzantine Emperor Constantine 9 Monomachos had sent to him. Nine enamelled plaques from this golden crown were unearthed in Nyitraivánka (Ivanka pri Nitre, Slovakia) in the 19th century. Andrew soon broke with his pagan supporters, restored Christianity and declared pagan rites illegal. According to Kosztolnyik, Andrew's epithets (the White or the Catholic) are connected to these events.

Having now been made secure against all disturbances from enemies, Duke Andreas received the crown of kingship in the royal city of Alba. No more than 3 bishops who had escaped that great slaughter of the Christians performed the ceremony of coronation in the year of our Lord 1047. He made proclamation to all his people that under pain of death they should lay aside the pagan rites which had formerly been permitted to them, and that they should return to the true faith of Christ and live in all things according to the law which King St Stephen had taught them.

— The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle.

The contemporaneous Hermann of Reichenau narrates that Andrew sent frequent envoys with humble entreaties to Emperor Henry 3, proposing an annual tribute and faithful service if the emperor recognized his reign. Andrew persuaded his brother, Béla, to return from Poland to Hungary in 1048. He also granted his brother one third of the kingdom with the title of duke. Béla's duchy comprised two regions which were centered on Nyitra (Nitra, Slovakia) and Bihar (Biharia, Romania).

Skirmishes on the frontier between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire first occurred in 1050. Emperor Henry invaded Hungary in August 1051, but Andrew and Béla successfully applied scorched earth tactics against the imperial troops and forced them to withdraw. Legend says that the Vértes Hills near Székesfehérvár were named after the armours – vért in Hungarian – which were discarded by the retreating German soldiers.

Andrew initiated new peace negotiations with the emperor and promised to pay an annual tribute, but his offers were refused. Next summer, the emperor returned to Hungary and laid siege to Pressburg (Bratislava, Slovakia). Zotmund, a most skilful swimmer scuttled the emperor's ships. After Pope Leo 9 mediated a peace treaty, the emperor lifted the siege and withdrew from Hungary. Andrew soon refused to fulfill his promises made under duress, and even allied with Conrad 1, Duke of Bavaria, a prominent opponent of Emperor Henry 3.

Because Andreas, the king of the Hungarians was less and less inclined to send envoys and to make promises concerning a peace treaty, (the emperor) laid siege to the fortress of Pressburg and for a long time attacked it with various machines of war. Since, however, God aided the besieged, who anxiously called on Him, his efforts were always frustrated and he could by no means capture it. Meanwhile the lord Pope Leo had intervened at the request of Andreas to make peace and he called on the emperor to end the siege. Since (the pope) found (the emperor) in all respects in agreement with him, while discovering that Andreas on the contrary was less obedient to his advice, he was angry and threatened the latter with excommunincation for mocking the apostolic see.

— Herman of Reichenau: Chronicle.

Andrew's queen, Anastasia, gave birth to a son, named Solomon in 1053. Andrew attempted to make his son's succession secure, even against his brother, Béla, who had strong claim to succeed Andrew according to the traditional principle of seniority.

The brothers' relationship did not deteriorate immediately after Solomon's birth. In the deed of the foundation of the Tihany Abbey, a Benedictine monastery established in 1055 by Andrew, Duke Béla was listed among the lords witnessing the act. This charter, although primarily written in Latin, contains the earliest extant text – Feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea (on the military road which leads to Fehérvár) – written in Hungarian. Andrew also established a lavra for Orthodox hermits in Tihany and an Orthodox monastery near Visegrád. The Third Book of Law of King Ladislaus 1 of Hungary (r. 1077–1095) refers to an estate survey of the judge Sarkas under King Andrew and Duke Béla. According to György Györffy, the serfs of the royal domains were registered during this survey which took place around 1056.

Andrew suffered a stroke which paralyzed him. In an attempt to strengthen his son's claim to the throne, he had the child Solomon crowned in the one-year-long period beginning in the autumn of 1057. For the same purpose, Andrew also arranged the engagement of his son with Judith – a daughter of the late Emperor Henry 3, and sister of the new German monarch, Henry 4 (r. 1056–1105) – in September 1058. Thereafter, according to an episode narrated by most Hungarian chronicles, the king invited Duke Béla to a meeting at Tiszavárkony. At their meeting, Andrew seemingly offered his brother to freely choose between a crown and a sword, which were the symbols of the kingdom and the ducatus, respectively. Duke Béla, who had previously been informed by his partisans in Andrew's court that he would be murdered on the king's order if he opted for the crown, chose the sword.

However, Béla, who actually had no intention of renouncing his claim to succeed his brother in favor of his nephew, fled to Poland and sought military assistance from Duke Boleslaus 2 of Poland (r. 1058–1079). With Duke Boleslaus's support, Béla returned to Hungary at the head of Polish troops. On the other hand, the Dowager Empress Agnes – who governed the Holy Roman Empire in the name of her minor son, Henry 4 – sent Bavarian, Bohemian and Saxon troops to assist Andrew.

The decisive battle was fought in the regions east of the river Tisza. Andrew suffered injuries and lost the battle. He attempted to flee to the Holy Roman Empire, but his brother's partisans routed his retinue at Moson. The Annals of Niederaltaich narrates that wagons and horses trampled him in the battlefield. Deadly wounded in the battlefield, Andrew was seized and taken by his brother's partisans to Zirc where he was treated with neglect, according to the Illuminated Chronicle. Andrew died in the royal manor there before his brother was crowned king on 6 December 1060. Andrew was buried in the crypt of the church of the Tihany Abbey.

Andrew's wife, Anastasia, was the daughter of Grand Duke Yaroslav 1 the Wise of Kiev by his wife, Ingegerd, who herself was the daughter of King Olof Skötkonung of Sweden. Andrew married Anastasia, who was born in about 1020, around 1038. Their first child, Adelaide was born around 1040. She became the wife of Vratislaus II of Bohemia, who was initially Duke and, from 1085, King of Bohemia. Andrew and Anastasia's first son, Solomon, was born in 1053, their second son, David, some years later. Neither Solomon nor David fathered sons; the male line of Andrew's family died out with their death by the end of the 11th century.

King Salomon and David, his brother, never had children, and the seed of King Andreas perished with them. We believe that this was by an act of God; for on his first return with Levente, his brother, to Hungary, Andreas with the purpose of gaining the kingdom permitted the ungodly Vatha and other most evil men to kill the saintly Gerard and many Christians.

— The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle.

Medieval chronicles write that Andrew had a natural son, named George, by a concubine from the village of Pilismarót. Since his name was popular among Orthodox believers, Gyula Kristó says that his mother may have been a Russian lady-in-waiting of Andrew's queen. The theory that the Clan Drummond in Scotland was descended from George is not widely accepted by scholars.

Andreas married Anastasia av Kiev about 1038. Anastasia (daughter of Jaroslav av Kiev, "Jaroslav 1" and Ingegjerd (Irina) Olofsdatter av Sverige, "av Kiev") was born about 1021 in Kiev, Ukraina; died about 1075 in Roches, Frankrike. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Died:
Begravet i Villiers Abbey, La-Ferte-Alais, Essonne.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Occupation: Bef 1032, Ungarn; Konge / hertug av nordre Ungarn.

Notes:

Occupation:
Vazul, or also Vászoly, (before 997–1031 or 1032) was a member of the House of Árpád, a grandson of Taksony, Grand Prince of the Hungarians. Otherwise, the only certain information of his life, that he was kept in captivity and blinded in the fortress of Nyitra (Nitra, Slovakia) in the last years of the reign of his cousin, King Stephen I of Hungary. Modern historians, including György Györffy, do not exclude that he had earlier been Duke of Nyitra. He is the forefather of nearly all Kings of Hungary who reigned after 1046.

Vazul was a son of Michael, who was the younger son of Grand Prince Taksony. His mother's name is unknown. According to the Györffy, it is probable that she was a Bulgarian princess, a relative of Samuel of Bulgaria. Györffy also writes that Vazul was still a child around 997. His name derived from the Greek Basileios which implies that he was baptized according to Byzantine rite.

Györffy says that Vazul apparently held the Nyitra ducate, because chronicles do not make mention of other settlements in connection with his life. According to the Illuminated Chronicle, King Stephen imprisoned Vazul and held him in captivity in the fortress of Nyitra (Nitra, Slovakia) in order to urge him to amend his youthful frivolity and folly. In contrast with Györffy, his Slovak colleague, Ján Steinhübel has no doubt that Vazul was a Duke of Nyitra, who succeeded his brother, Ladislas the Bald before 1030. Steinhübel adds that Vazul, similarly to his brother, accepted the suzerainty of King Mieszko II of Poland; he was imprisoned at his former seat when King Stephen I of Hungary occupied his duchy in 1031. The theory that the Duchy of Nyitra was under Polish suzerainty in the first decades of the 11th century, which is based on the Polish-Hungarian Chronicle, is flatly refused by Györffy.

Emeric, the only son of King Stephen who survived infancy died in a hunting accident in 1031. Although Vazul who was Stephen's closest agnatic relative had the strongest claim to succeede him on the throne, the king disregarded him and nominated his own sister's son, Peter Orseolo as his heir. According to the nearly contemporaneous Annals of Altaich, Vazul bitterly resented his omission, but he was blinded on King Stephen's order. According to the contrasting reports of later Hungarian chronicles, written under kings descending from Vazul's line, Stephen initially was planning to nominate Vazul as his heir, but Vazul's enemies, including Stephen's queen, Gisela hatched a plot to hinder the king's plans. They sent an evil man to Nyitra who put out Vazul's eyes and filled the cavities of his ears with lead before the king's envoys arrived.

Feeling his powers slipping away, sent messengers in haste to have his uncle's son Vazul brought from prison in Nitra, in order to make him king of the Hungarians after himself. However, as soon as Queen Gisela got wind of this she hatched a plot with a group of traitors, and sent the ispán Sebus ahead of the messenger. Sebus had Vazul's eyes put out and molten lead poured into his ears; he then fled to Bohemia. When Vazul was at length brought back by the King's messenger, the King wept bitterly at his fate.

Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians.

Information on Vazul's family is contradictory. Later Hungarian chronicles tended to hide that the kings reigning after 1046 descended from a prince who was disinherited and sentenced by the holy first king of Hungary. Accordingly, many of the chronicles write that Vazul's brother, Ladislas the Bald was the Hungarian monarchs' forefather instead of Vazul. However, a concurring report – which was, for instance, recorded in the Illuminated Chronicle – has preserved the memory of Vazul's paternity of three sons named Andrew, Béla and Levente. Likewise the Illuminated Chronicle writes that Vazul's wife was a member of the Tátony clan, but his marriage lacked legitimacy. His three sons were expelled from Hungary after Vazul's death in 1031 or 1032.

It is said that these 3 brothers (Andrew, Bela, Levente) were the sons of Duke Vazul by some girl from the clan of Tatun and were not born of a true marriage-bed, and that through this conjunction they derived their nobility from Tatun. Of a certainty this is a false and most evil tale. Not for this reason are they nobles, but because they are the sons of Ladislas the Bald, who is said to have taken a wife from Ruthenia to whom these 3 brothers were born.

— The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Occupation: Abt 1019, Kiev, Ukraina; Storfyrste.

Notes:

Occupation:
Etter sin fars død i 1015 kjempet Jaroslav lenge mot sine brødre om tronen, og søkte støtte i Sverige. Han erobret med hjelp av væringene Kiev i 1019.

Han ble storfyrste av Kiev, ektet Olav Skötkonungs datter Ingegerd, og la under seg en stor del av Russland.

Under hans styre blomstret kirken, kulturen og den militære makten markant. Under Jaroslavs styre ble den første lovboken for riket utgitt, Russkaja pravda. Han lot også utarbeide kirkelover.

Jaroslav og Ingegerd var vertskap for Olav den hellige og hans følge da de dro i eksil til Russland før Olav returnerte til Norge og falt i slaget ved Stiklestad.

Jaroslav married Ingegjerd (Irina) Olofsdatter av Sverige, "av Kiev" about 1019. Ingegjerd (daughter of Olof Erikson av Sverige, "Olof 3" and Estrid av Mechlenburg) was born about 1001; died on 10 Feb 1050 in Kiev, Ukraina. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Died:
Ingegjerds levninger hviler ifølge enkelt kilder sammen med maken i en sarkofag i St.Sofia-katedralen, mens Sofia-katedralen i Novgorod også hevder å ha hennes relikvier.
Denne kirken med samme navn som katedralen i Kiev hadde Jaroslav og Ingegjerds sønn Vladimir som byggherre. Novgorod er da også stedet hvor helgenkulten oppstod. Sovjetiske forskere åpnet sarkofagen i Kiev i 1939 og undersøkte innholdet.

Det velbevarte kraniet som antas å være Ingegjerds var hva frenologene noe tvilsomt kalte for en nordisk type, massivt og tungt med en elliptisk form. Pannen var ikke særskilt høy og hadde en gjennomsnittlig helning. Nesen var sterkt framtredende med en smal neserot. Haken var av gjennomsnittlig storhet, men markant framtredende. Tennene ble bedømt som ganske godt bevart.
Jaroslav ble målt til ha vært ca.172 cm og Ingegjerd ca.162 cm lang.

Kildene til Ingegjerds liv er fåtallige og opplysningene om hennes opphøyelse til helgen er ikke entydige, men ifølge Den ortodokse kirkes tradisjon ble Ingegjerd etter sin død opphøyd til helgen, som den hellige Anna av Novgorod. Navnet Anna fikk hun da hun på sine gamle dager gikk i kloster; det er nemlig vanlig at den som tonsureres, får et nytt navn.
Ingegjerd ansees som Sveriges første ortodokse helgen og som landets skytshelgen. Det finnes en svensk-ortodoks menighet som er virksom i Linköping, Norrköping og Örebro, og som kalles Heliga Annas ortodoxa församling.
En bit av hennes relikvier er i år 2009 overført fra Russland til Sverige. Hennes kirkelige festdager er 10.februar og 4.oktober. En liturgisk hymne som synges i forbindelse med feiringen lyder:

Som en himmelskt lysande stjärna framträdde du från Västern. Du förunnades antaga den ortodoxa tron och i den frambragte du en välsignad frukt åt det heliga, ryska landet, heliga, rättrogna furstinna Anna. Du älskade Kristus av allt ditt hjärta och du bevarade hans rättfärdighet och lagar. Då vi i dag firar ditt allraheligaste minne, mottager vi därför genom dina förböner syndernas förlåtelse.

Fra en historisk synsvinkel synes det som om Ingegjerd er blitt forvekslet med Jaroslavs første hustru Anna og som senere ble erklært som en lokal helgen i Novgorod ettersom det var på hennes initiativ man skal igangsatt byggingen av den lokale Sofiakatedralen. Hennes levninger ble også undersøkt av sovjetiske forskere som avgjorde at de tilhørte en yngre kvinne enn Ingegjerd som må ha dødd da hun var rundt 50.

Notes:

Married:
Ingegjerd (også kalt Ingegerd), som Snorre Sturlason kaller henne, ble antagelig født i Sigtuna i Sverige.

Olav Digre ba om hennes hånd, noe de svenske stormennene anså var et godt gifte da det også vil bilegge ufreden med Norge, men svenskekongen selv, Olof Skötkonung, var mindre begeistret for nordmannen og satte seg imot.

...kongen var blitt så vred på Olav at han ikke kunne tåle å høre ham bli nevnt.

Og når nordmannens utsendinger snakker med svenskekongen slår han fast at:

Den digre mannen må ingen kalle konge her i min hird, han er mye mindre mann enn folk sier.

I henhold til Snorre var Ingegjerd slett ikke uvillig til å bli gift med Olav Digre:

Hvis Olav er en så gjev kar som du sier om ham, så kunne jeg ikke ønske meg en bedre mann, sa Ingegjerd mens hun rødmet.

På Uppsalatinget truet de svenske bøndene å drepe Olof Skötkonung om han ikke bila striden med Norge, og det ble avgjort at Ingegjerd Olofsdatter skulle bli gift med Olav Digre.
Norskekongen dro til Konghelle for å vente på sin svenske brud. Han ventet hele sommeren, og i mellomtiden brøt svenskekongen løftet sitt og giftet Ingegjerd bort til Jaroslav 1 av Kiev, fyrste av Gardariket.

Norskekongen sto uten brud, men sammen med sin svenske allierte, Ragnvald Ulvsson jarl, fant de ut at Astrid Olofsdatter, halvsøster av Ingegjerd, kunne gi den samme politiske gevinsten.

Ingegjerd ble i all hast giftet bort til den mektige Jaroslav den vise av Novgorod. Bryllupet skjedde i 1019. I Kiev ble navnet hennes endret til det kristne Irene eller Irina ettersom det er østkirkelig tradisjon at alle kristne skal ha et kristent navn.
I henhold til sagaene fikk hun som ekteskapsgaver Staraja Ladoga og omliggende land, og som senere fikk navnet Ingria (Ingermanland), antagelig en avart av hennes navn. Hun satte sin venn jarl Ragnvald Ulvsson som hersker og forvalter for seg.

Ingegjerd tok initiativet til å igangsette byggingen av St.Sofia-katedralen i Kiev, noe som ble overvåket av Jaroslav.

De fikk 6 sønner og 4 døtre (noe uklart for enkelte av dem). Døtrene ble dronninger av Frankrike, Ungarn, Norge, og til dels, om enn i landflyktighet, også av England. Hele familien er avbildet på en av freskoen i St.Sofia-katedralen. Bildet av døtrene finnes fortsatt i redusert forfatning mens fyrsteparet selv er gått tapt da denne veggen senere ble revet. Bildet er likevel kjent takket være en tegning som ble gjort av den på 1600-tallet.

Jaroslav og Ingegjerd hadde følgende barn (rekkefølgen er tilfeldig):

1. Elisaveta eller Ellisiv av Kiev, dronning av Norge, gift med Harald Hardråde.

2. Anastasia av Kiev, dronning av Ungarn, gift med Andreas 1 av Ungarn.

3. Anne av Kiev, dronning av Frankrike, gift med Henrik 1 av Frankrike.

4. Vladimir av Novgorod.

5. Izjaslav 1 av Kiev (1024–1078, døde i kamp), storfyrste av Kiev.

6. Svjatoslav 2 av Kiev.

7. Vsevolod 1 av Kiev.

8. Igor av Volynia.

9. Vyacheslav av Smolensk.

10. Agatha, hustru av Edvard den landflyktige.

11. Dobronega (Maria) av Kiev, gift med Kasimir 1, hertug av Polen.

Dokumentasjonen for både Agatha (10) og Dobronega (11) er svake og omdiskuterte.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Occupation: Between 0977 and 0995, Ungarn; Prins.

Notes:

Occupation:
Michael (Hungarian: Mihály; after 960–995 or c.997) was a member of the House of Árpád, a younger son of Taksony, Grand Prince of the Hungarians. Most details of his life are uncertain. Almost all kings of Hungary after 1046 descended from him.

According to the Hungarian historian, György Györffy, Michael received a ducatus or duchy from his brother, Grand Prince Géza. Slovak historians specify that he administered the Duchy of Nitra between around 971 and 997. However, neither of these theories have universally been accepted by historians.

Anonymus, the unknown author of the late 12th-century Gesta Hungarorum narrates that Michael's father, Taksony took his wife from the land of the Cumans.
However, the lands which were dominated by the Cumans at Anonymus's time had been controlled by the Pechenegs up until the 1050s. Accordingly, Györffy proposes that Taksony's wife was the daughter of a Pecheneg tribal leader. Other historians, including Zoltán Kordé and Gyula Kristó, say that Anonymous's report may refer either to her Khazar or to her Volga Bulgarian origin.

Michael was Taksony's younger son. Györffy writes that he was still a minor when he was baptized around 972. He received baptism together with his elder brother, Géza, who succeeded their father as Grand Prince around that time. Michael was named after the Archangel Michael. According to Györffy, the frequent use of the name - Béla - by his descendants – 4 kings and 2 dukes from the House of Árpád bore this name – implies that it was Michael's original pagan name. He also writes that the - a - ending of his name excludes that it was borrowed from a Slavic language, because - a - is a feminine ending in these languages. Instead he proposes, that the name derived from the Turkic bojla title.

According to Györffy, Michael was a close ally of his brother, since there is no proof that their relationship was ever tense. Therefore, Györffy continues, Géza - probably gave one of the ducatus - in the Principality of Hungary to Michael, although there is no record of these events. According to Steinhübel, Michael received the - Duchy of Nitra - around 971. His colleague, Ján Luka?ka, adds that it was Michael who broke the resistance of the native nobles in this duchy.

Michael's fate is unknown; Györffy proposes that he either died before his brother (who died in 997) or renounced of his duchy in favor of Géza's son, Stephen, without resistance. On the other hand, Steinhübel writes that Michael was murdered in 995, an action for which his brother Géza was probably responsible. Luka?ka likewise says that Michael was killed, apparently, on the orders of Géza. Finally, Vladimír Segeš also says that Géza had Michael murdered, according to him between 976 and 978, but he writes that Michael was succeeded by his own son, Ladislas the Bald.

The name of Michael's two sons, Vazul (Basil) and Ladislas have been preserved. According to Györffy, it is probable that Michael's wife was related to Samuel of Bulgaria, because the names of his both sons were popular among Orthodox rulers, including the members of the Cometopuli family.[18] Györffy adds that Michael married his Bulgarian wife when he came of age around 980.

Michael married Adelheid av Polen. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Occupation: Bef 1015, Kiev, Ukraina; Regent.

Vladimir married Rogneda Rognvaldsdatter. Rogneda (daughter of Rognvald) died about 1002. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Occupation: Abt 0995, Sverige; Konge etter sin far, og den første konge over hele Sverige.

Notes:

Occupation:
Han var konge etter sin far Erik Segersäll, og den første konge over hele Sverige (Skötkonung = skattekonge, da han var den første konge som preget kongelig mynt og muligens den første med betaling for å slippe leidang, hvilket senere ble skatt).

Olof er den første kongen som beviselig regjerte over både Mälardalen og Västergötland, og han er også den første sveakongen som lot seg døpe, og forble kristen, og bidro til at Sverige ble kristent. Han var også med og prege mynt i Sverige.

Olof ble døpt i henhold til Sigfridlegenden i en kilde i Husaby i år 1008 av den engelske misjonsbiskopen Sigfrid, men denne opplysningen er usikker, og en misjonær ved navn Bernhard har også blitt nevnt som den som døpte Olof.
Kong Olof var således den første svenske kongen som var kristen til sin død, men siden folket stort sett holdt seg til tidligere tiders sed og skikk var kristningen av Sverige bare sporadisk og først og fremst i sør.

I tillegg var det blitt preget mynt med Olofs navn og kristne motiv i Sigtuna på slutten av 990-tallet. Det faktum at han lot prege Sveriges første mynt i Sigtuna vitner også om at han hadde sin maktbase i Mälardalen.

Olof Skötkonung er mest kjent for å være den som kristnet Sverige (på samme måte som Olav Tryggvason kristnet Norge). Et ledd i kristningen var at han tillot at landets første bispesete ble opprettet i Skara i 1014. Plasseringen av setet i Skara og ikke i Sigtuna, som hadde vært kristnet siden begynnelsen av 970-tallet, har blitt forklart med at Olof Skötkonung ikke ville underordne seg den tyske keiseren som erkebiskopen av Hamburg-Bremen var underlagt. Av samme anledningen støttet han også engelske misjonærer som den overnevnte Sigfrid.

I begynnelsen av hans styre var han i krig med danskekongen Svein Tjugeskjegg, hvis rike hans far Erik Segersäll hadde regjert over en kort tid, og som Olof gjorde krav på.
Men krigen avsluttes med at Olof erkjente Svein som konge av Danmark, og den seneres giftemål med Olofs mor som knyttet dem nærmere til hverandre.

Gikk i ledtog med danskekongen og ladejarlene Eirik og Svein, og sammen beseiret de den norske kongen Olav Tryggvason i slaget ved Svolder i år 1000. Som en følge av seieren ble Norge delt (som likevel fungerte stort sett uavhengig) mellom de 2 kongene. Olaf Skötkonung rykket inn mot Oslofjorden og besatte Båhuslen, og etter sigende også sørlige delen av Trøndelag. At svenskekongen kunne markere seg i Trøndelag er usannsynlig med tanke på den sterke posisjonen som trønderne hadde, og dessuten var herredømmet over Norge illusorisk ved at han uansett mistet områdene i senere stridigheter med nordmennene.

Olav Haraldsson bekjempet og drepte Olofs jarler i Bohuslän.

Da det norske kongedømmet ble reetablert i 1015 med Olav Haraldsson den digre brøt en ny krig ut med Norge. Mange menn i både Norge og i Sverige forsøkte å forsone de 2 kongene.

I 1018 kom Olofs jarl i Vestergøtland, Ragnvald Ulvsson, og den norske kongens utsendinger, Bjørn Stallare og Halte Skeggesson, til tinget i Uppsala i et forsøk på å overtale svenskekongen til å akseptere fred og signere freden med å la svenskekongens datter gifte seg med Olav Haraldsson. Olof Skötkonung ble rasende og truet med å bannlyse og forvise Ragnvald Ulvsson fra kongedømmet.
Ragnvald ble derimot støttet av sin fosterfar, Torgny Lagman, ansett som den klokeste og mest respekterte mannen i Sverige.
Torgny reiste seg og ga en mektig tale hvor han minnet kongen om de store hærtog i Østerled av de tidligere svenske kongene Erik Anundsson og Bjørn Eriksson, og hvor de ikke hadde det hovmod at de ikke lyttet til sine menns råd. Torgny hadde selv deltatt i mange vellykkede hærtokt med Olofs far Erik Seiersæl og selv Erik lyttet til sine menn. Den nåværende kongen ønsket ingenting annet enn Norge, noe ingen annen svensk konge før ham hadde ønsket. Dette ga misnøye til sveaerne som var ivrige etter å dra på hærtokt i østerled og vinne tilbake tapt land, og det var derfor folkets ønske at kongen inngikk fred med kongen av Norge og ga ham sin datter Ingegerd til dronning.
Torgny avsluttet sin tale ved å slå fast at om svenskekongen likevel ikke ønsket å gjøre som han hadde foreslått, da ville sveaerne angripe og drepe ham. Deres forfedre hadde gjort så ved tinget i Mula da de kastet fem konger i en brønn, konger som var like arrogant da som Olof Skötkonung var mot sveaerne nå!

Disse argumentene, og kanskje aller mest de utvetydige truslene, overbeviste kong Olof Skötkonung til å følge sitt folks råd, men han giftet sin datter til den russiske storfyrsten Jaroslav 1 av Kiev isteden.

Da folket ble rastløse og begynte å rasle med våpnene fikk han bilagt opprøret ved å akseptere å dele makten med sin sønn Anund Jakob. Han ble også tvunget til å akseptere en enighet med Olav Haraldsson ved Konghelle, som allerede var blitt gift med hans andre datter Astrid, men uten Olof Skötkonungs vitende, gjennom Ragnvald Ulfsson.

Overstående er den forklaringen som Snorre Sturlasson har gitt til at sveaerne avsatte Olof Skötkonung og i steden valgte hans (like kristne) sønn Anund Jakob. Den tyske kronikøren Adam av Bremen mente i steden at det var Olof Skötkonungs kristne tro som skulle ha ført til misnøye blant de hedenske sveaere.

Tidlig i sin karriere deltok han på et hærtokt til Vendland og hvor han tok til fange en kvinne ved navn Edla, visstnok en datter av vendisk høvding, og som han gikk til sengs med og fikk sønnen Emund og datteren Astrid.

Han giftet seg senere med Estrid av obotritterne, en kristen kvinne som også var av vendisk eller slavisk bakgrunn, og som fødte ham sønnen Anund Jakob og datteren Ingegjerd.
Hos Snorre Sturlasson får Estrid dårlig omtale som en vanskelig kvinne som behandlet stebarna så dårlig at de ble sendt vekk til fostring.

Died:
Døde vinteren 1021-1022.

Olof married Estrid av Mechlenburg about 1000. Estrid was born about 0979. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Married:
Da Olof giftet seg var det med en kristen kvinne, Estrid (et annet navn kan være Astrid), men som også var av slavisk bakgrunn fra folkeslaget obotritterne i nordøstlige Tyskland.

Antagelig var Estrid av kongelig eller adelig byrd og at ekteskapet var en dynastisk allianse.

Det er få kunnskaper om Estrid, bortsett fra at Snorre Sturlasson gir både Estrid og Olof dårlig attest i Olav den helliges saga.
Olof blir fremstilt som tverr og sur og en mann som bryter sitt ord. Hans dronning Estrid blir beskrevet som stor på det og var ikke god mot stebarna sine.