Zinow Genealogy Website
The history of the Norwegian Zinow family, and their connected families of Lorentzen, Hugaas, Schøyen, Møller, Skrogstad, Høyem, Reitan, Brinchmann, Sværen, Harbo, Bernhoft, Hiorth, Linge, Tjomsaas, Cudrio, Borlaug, Husabø, Børsheim, Coucheron, Irgens etc. ...and for our beautiful long-haired dachshund; Tina
Notes
Matches 16,451 to 16,500 of 16,597
| # | Notes | Linked to |
|---|---|---|
| 16451 | West Mountain Cemetery. | Skrogstad, Howard O. (I8423)
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| 16452 | West Mountain Cemetery. | Flom, Mabel "Skrogstad" (I10215)
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| 16453 | West Mountain Cemetery. | Skrogstad, Sharon Dianne "Sprague" (I10226)
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| 16454 | West Mountain Cemetery. | Olson, Marian N. "Skrogstad" (I8421)
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| 16455 | West Mountain Cemetery. | Skrogstad, Marvin K. (I16559)
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| 16456 | West Nidaros Lutheran Church Cemetery. | Linge, Marlene D. "Nelson" (I14656)
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| 16457 | West Sinai Lutheran Cemetery. | Torsnes, Ingeborg Eline "Nelson" (I7814)
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| 16458 | West Sinai Lutheran Cemetery. | Nilsen Sværen, Tor "Nelson" (I1771)
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| 16459 | West Sinai Lutheran Cemetery. | Nelson, Nels (I7815)
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| 16460 | West Sinai Lutheran Cemetery. | Nelson, Melvin (I7825)
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| 16461 | West Sinai Lutheran Cemetery. | Nelson, Thea "Stromme" / "Harvey" (I14593)
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| 16462 | West Sinai Lutheran Cemetery. | Stromme, Charles Herman (I14594)
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| 16463 | West Sinai Lutheran Cemetery. | Harvey, Leonard Arthur (I14595)
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| 16464 | West Sinai Lutheran Cemetery. | Nelson, Andrew (I14596)
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| 16465 | West Sinai Lutheran Cemetery. | Larson, Ida "Nelson" (I14597)
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| 16466 | West Sinai Lutheran Cemetery. | Nelson, Marlene Betty "Donnenwirth" (I14599)
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| 16467 | West Sinai Lutheran Cemetery. | Nilsen Sværen, Sjur "Svaren" (I1773)
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| 16468 | West Suburban Hospital. Dødsårsak: Pneumonia; nephritis; arterosclerosis. | Schultz, Frederick (I10411)
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| 16469 | Westfield | Wrege, Charles Walter (I9976)
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| 16470 | Wheaton Cemetery. | Marx, Robert Wilbur (I10377)
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| 16471 | Wheaton Cemetery. | Grosser, Raymond William (I10409)
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| 16472 | At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. | Living (I5902)
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| 16473 | Wien gård. | Family: Mauritz (Mouridtz) Schweder / Marie Christine Nielsdatter Wisløff, "Schweder" (F3377)
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| 16474 | Wife: Hedwige, princess of the Holy Roman Empire was born in 910 in Saxony, Germany and died on 14 Mar 964 - 965 in Aix La Chapelle, Austrasia. She was daughter of St. Matilda and Henry 1 The Fowler, Duke of Saxony, King of Germany. Son: Hugh Capet, King of France was born in 941 in Roches, France, died on 24 Oct 996 in Les Juifs, France, and was buried in Saint Denis Abbey, Seine, France. | Family: Hugh (Magnus) Capet / (F3155)
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| 16475 | Wikipedia er et wiki-basert leksikon eller encyklopedi som ble startet 15. januar 2001 av Jimmy Wales og Larry Sanger. Det utgis av den ideelle stiftelsen Wikimedia Foundation, som er basert i USA under en fri lisens - GFDL noe som gir stor grad av frihet til å redigere og videreformidle innholdet. Prosjektet var ment som et søsterprosjekt til Nupedia, men uten så streng kvalitetskontroll. Det spesielle med Wikipedia er at hvem som helst når som helst kan redigere en hvilken som helst artikkel. Norsk Wikipedia ble først opprettet 26. november 2001 med adressen no.wikipedia.com, og var blant de første utgavene som ble opprettet. | Source (S754)
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| 16476 | Wilhelm og Maren fikk 4 barn. | Family: Wilhelm (Willum) Friman / Maren Petersdatter Arentz, "Koren" / "Friman" (F1340)
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| 16477 | Wilhelmine bor hos sin søster Caroline og svoger Walløe. | Hjorth, Mathilde Wilhelmine (I983)
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| 16478 | Willem Coucheron hadde også overledelsen av befestningsarbeidene på Kristiansten. Det er blant annet nevnt at - Generalkvartermester Willem Coucheron - i begynnelsen av mai 1664 inspiserte arbeidet med festningen. Under oppholdet i Halden skal kaptein Coucheron ha lagt den første planen for det som senere ble til Fredriksten festning. Han skal også ha laget et - afrids - (tegning) som ble sendt til København og som kong Frederik 3. approberte 28.juli 1660. Senere i 1660-årene laget Willem Coucheron flere forslag og riss til festningen, og det mest kjente er det såkalte - Perffeckte Caerte van Ffrederickstyns Ffesstinge - datert 2.februar 1667. Det viser den indre kjernen av Fredriksten festning, med de 5 bastionene som står der den dag i dag. De første festningsanlegg ved Halden ble anlagt under Hannibalsfeiden 1644-1645. Under krigen 1657-1660 ble disse festninger angrepet 3 ganger av svenskene. I 1660 ble det bestemt at Haldens festninger skulle avløses av en permanent festning, som fikk navnet Fredriksten. Grunnsteinen ble lagt 1661, og den indre festning fullført i løpet av de følgende 10 år, etter generalkvartermester Wyllem de Coucherons plan. Fra Haldens nettsider 2002: Fredriksten festnings historie går tilbake til år 1644 da de første provisoriske forskansninger ved Halden ble påbegynt. Ved freden i Roskilde 26.februar 1658, ble som kjent, Bohuslän med Bohus festning, avstått til Sverige. Halden og nærliggende distrikter ble liggende utsatt til, tett ved den nye grensen. Stridighetene, som igjen oppsto mellom Norge og Sverige i perioden 1658-1660, var så harde at dette klargjorde behovet for sterkere befestninger. I 1660 utstedte Fredrik 3. et kongebrev om bygging av et sterkere festningsverk som skulle bære navnet Fredriksten. Den 16.september 1658 rettet den svenske oberst Harald Stake over Idd det første angrep på Halden. De kamper som derved ble innledet, viste at det var nødvendig å befeste byen. Tønne Huitfeldt gikk til en systematisk befestning av Halden, og da svenskene 1.januar 1660 for tredje gang kom tilbake, var betydelige arbeider utført. Umiddelbart etter fredsslutningen ble det fastsatt ved kongebrev av 28.juli 1660 at Haldens befestninger skulle avløses av en permanent festning, som fikk navnet Fredriksten. Grunnstenen ble dog først lagt i 1661, og de følgende 10 år ble den indre festning fullført av mester Fabian Stang. Planen var laget av generalkvartermester Willem Coucheron. Hovedverkene står den dag i dag: Bastionene Kongen, Dronningen og prins Christian og halvbastionene Dragen og Prins Georg. Østre og Vestre Ravelin foran portene ble foreløpig utført som palisaderinger. Befestningene om byen, som 1665 fikk navnet Fredrikshald, brant for den vesentligste del ved bybrannen 1667, men da krigen 1674-1675 atter stod for døren, ble palisadene gjenreist av Peder Olufssøn Nordmann som lot utføre en rekke nye anlegg. Etter fredslutningen i 1679 begynte en sterk byggeperiode som varte til 1701. Også i Kristiansand og ved Vinger ble det tegnet nye festningsanlegg, i tillegg utarbeidet Coucheron reguleringsplaner for bl.a. Bragernes (Drammen), Skien og Fredrikstad. | Coucheron, Willem (Wÿllem) "Cuchron" (I2886)
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| 16479 | Willem Coucheron tilhørte en fransk adelig slekt. Som den første av slekten kom han til Norge i juni 1657. Det står om en annen offiser som kom til Norge sammen med Willem Coucheron, Ahasverus de Créqui, at han var protestant. Hans far, eller muligens hans farfar, reiste etter alt å dømme fra katolikkenes forfølgelser av hugenotter i Frankrike, og vi må tro at Ahasverus de Créqui - til tross for sitt franske, adelige opphav - ville vært på linje med både danskekongen og Carl 11. når de viste slik sterk uvilje mot Ludvig 14. | Coucheron, Willem (Wÿllem) "Cuchron" (I2886)
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| 16480 | At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. | Living (I87)
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| 16481 | William og Cora har disse barna registrert hos seg i 1940: William Greene, 16 yrs, Male. Harlan Greene, 13 yrs, Male. Curtis Greene, 11 yrs, Male. Graydon Greene, 9 yrs, Male. Joanne Greene, 5 yrs, Female. Roger Greene, 4 yrs, Male. Sandra Greene, 2 yrs, Female. Carol Greene, 0 yrs, Female. | Greene, William Austin (I13283)
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| 16482 | At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. | Living (I87)
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| 16483 | Willow Creek Lutheran Cemetery. | Torbjørnsen Lille Linge, Johannes (I359)
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| 16484 | Willow Creek Lutheran Cemetery. | Roarson, Martha "Linge" (I14617)
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| 16485 | Willow Creek Lutheran Cemetery. | Linge, Tunice G. (I364)
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| 16486 | Willow Creek Lutheran Cemetery. | Nesheim, Delia "Linge" (I14637)
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| 16487 | Willow Creek Lutheran Cemetery. | Linge, Theodore Gaylon (I14638)
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| 16488 | Willow Creek Lutheran Cemetery. | Linge, Marvin E. (I365)
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| 16489 | Willow Creek Lutheran Cemetery. | Linge, Hazel Jolanthe "Berg" (I368)
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| 16490 | Willow Creek Lutheran Cemetery. | Berg, Herman I. (I14620)
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| 16491 | Willow Creek Lutheran Cemetery. | Linge, George L. (I366)
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| 16492 | Willy Brandt ble født som sønn av ekspeditrise Martha Frahm (1894–1969) og bokholder John Möller (1887–1958) i Lübeck. Han kjente aldri faren, og vokste opp hos moren og morfaren. | Frahm, Herbert Ernst Karl "Brandt" (I15985)
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| 16493 | At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. | Living (I2668)
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| 16494 | Willy Brandt-prisen, på tysk der Willy-Brandt-Preis, er en pris som blir delt ut av den norsk-tyske Willy brandt-stiftelsen (die Norwegisch-Deutsche Willy-Brandt-Stiftung) hvert år. Den går til personer eller institusjoner som gjennom arbeidet har bidratt på en særlig fortjenestefull måte til å utvikle forbindelsene mellom Norge og Tyskland. Prisen er oppkalt etter den tidligere tyske forbundskansleren Willy Brandt (1913–1992) som flyktet til Norge under nazistenes styre og ble norsk statsborger fra 1940. Prisen ble delt ut av ordfører Klaus Wowereit og den norske utenriksministeren Jonas Gahr Støre i nærvær av kong Harald og dronning Sonja i Berlin 16.oktober 2007. | Stoltenberg, Thorvald (I2669)
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| 16495 | Without doubt, the most famous of the invading Vikings was Ragnar Lodbrok. A Norwegian who was associated with the ruling classes of Denmark atthat time. A pirate almost from birth, he spent most of his life invading one country or another. He was given the name hairy breeches because of thetrousers made from animal skin by his wife. By 845 he was a well established figure who was famous for his exploits. In that year, he invaded Paris, butwas beaten back. Not to be outdone he turned his attention to England. He landed in Northumbria on the north east coast of England. Unfortunately hewas captured by King Ella of Northumbria and thrown into a snake pit of adders, the only poisonous snake that exists in England. As he was slowly beingbitten to death, he was alleged to have exclaimed ' How the little pigs would grunt if they knew the situation of the old boar '. The story continues thatwhen his four sons heard the manner of his death, Hvitserk, who was playing chess gripped the piece so hard that blood issued from his finger nails.Bjorn gripped his spear so tightly that he left an impression in it and Sigurd who was trimming his nails cut straight through to the bone. Only the fourthson, Ivor the boneless collected all the details of his fathers death and prepared their revenge. The custom known as blood red eagle was to cut the ribsof the victim out and the lungs removed by grasping them and spreading them over the body. This justice was allegedly carried out on King Ella. Thestory above as obviously been exaggerated but the consequences of Ragnar Lodbrok's death had serious consequences. Ivor The boneless was themastermind behind the attacks on the mainland in the final quarter of the ninth century. In 866 he invaded East Anglia and the following year attackedYork. He was aided by the internal struggle for power in Northumbria. With no fleet and no defences of note, the Vikings wintered in England and werereinforced by more of their kind. In 869 Edmund the last king of East Anglia was slain for not renouncing his faith. Mercia which had been the foremostpower in the country since king Offa, reeled under the attacks. They appealed to Wessex for help. Wessex responded and Aethelred and the youngAlfred marched to their assistance only to see the Mercians surrender to the invaders. Fighting almost alone, the Vikings were pushed out of Mercia.They retreated back to York. It was only a temporary peace. It was not long before they returned, regaining most of the ground that was lost by them.The only kingdom of the heptarchy left with any say in its own affairs was Wessex. Soon, it would be their turn to suffer the invaders might. | Sigurdsen, Ragnar (I4582)
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| 16496 | Wladyslaw 1 Herman (c. 1044 – 4 June 1102) was a Duke of Poland from 1079 until his death. He was the second son of Casimir 1 the Restorer by his wife Maria Dobroniega, daughter of Vladimir the Great, Grand Duke of Kiev. As the second son, Wladyslaw was not destined for the throne. However, due to the flight from Poland of his older brother Boleslaw 2 the Bold in 1079, he was elevated to the rank of Duke of Poland. Opinions vary on whether Wladyslaw played an active role in the plot to depose his brother or whether he was handed the authority simply because he was the most proper person, being the next in line in the absence of the king and his son Mieszko Boleslawowic. In 1080, in order to improve the relations between Poland and Bohemia, Wladyslaw married Judith, the daughter of the Duke (and first King from 1085) Vratislaus 2. After this, the foreign policy of the Duke gravitated strongly towards appeasement of the Holy Roman Empire. He accepted overlordship of the Empire, and when in 1085 while in Mainz the Holy Roman Emperor Henry 4 announced that his brother-in-law Vratislaus 2 to be King of Bohemia and Poland, Wladyslaw did not object. He also never pursued the Royal crown due to his subservient status. Soon after, he was forced by the barons of Poland to recall from exile in Hungary his nephew and rightful heir to the Polish throne, Mieszko Boleslawowic. The young prince accepted the overlordship of his uncle and gave up his hereditary claims in exchange for becoming first in line of succession. Wladyslaw was forced to accept the terms of his nephew, because his eldest and only son at that time, Zbigniew, was illegitimate because he had been born from a union not recognized by the church. Wladyslaw's relations with the Emperor were considerably improved after his second marriage with his sister Judith (also Dowager Queen of Hungary) in 1089. Wladyslaw abandoned the alliance with Hungary favored by his deposed brother, and joined the anti-Papal camp. Also, he resumed paying tribute for Silesia to Bohemia. In addition Kraków and Cieszyn were ceded to Bohemia, Lubusz Land was lost to Germany while Przemysl Land in the east was lost to Halych-Ruthenia. Wladyslaw did make attempts to regain the control of Pomerania, and through numerous expeditions was temporarily (1090–1091) able to do so. Although Wladyslaw was formally Dux and an Overlord of Poland, in reality the barons who banished his brother used this victory to strengthen their position. It's not surprising therefore, that within a short time the Duke was forced to give up the government to his Count Palatine, (Polish: wojewoda) a high born noble named Sieciech. Sieciech's administration of the realm was negatively perceived by those of the barons who were not the beneficiaries of the power shift. The birth of the future Boleslaw 3 completely changed the political situation in Poland. Mieszko Boleslawowic was already 17 at that time and was, by the previous agreement made after his return, the first in line to succeed. In 1089 Mieszko died under mysterious circumstances, probably poisoned on the orders of Sieciech and Duchess Judith-Sophia. Almost immediately, Zbigniew was sent to Germany and placed in the Quedlinburg Abbey. With the idea of forcing his first-born son to take the holy vows, Wladyslaw intended to deprive him of any chance of succession. In 1090 Sieciech, with help of Polish forces under his command, managed to gain control of Gdansk Pomerania, albeit for a short time. Major towns were garrisoned by Polish troops, the rest were burned, in order to thwart any future resistance. Several months later, however, a rebellion of native elites led to the restoration of the region’s independence from Poland. Sieciech's tyrannical rule reflected negatively on Wladyslaw, causing a massive political migration out of Poland. In 1093 Silesia rebelled, and the comes Magnus with the assistance of the Bohemian and Polish knights welcomed Zbigniew after he escaped from Germany; however, soon Sieciech captured the prince and imprisoned him. The increasing dissatisfaction in the country forced the release of Zbigniew in 1097. Immediately after this Wladyslaw (after an unsuccessfully retaliatory expedition against Silesia and forced to recognize Zbigniew as the legitimate heir) appointed his sons as commanders of the army which was formed in order to recapture Gdansk Pomerania. Simultaneously a great migration of Jews from Western Europe to Poland began circa 1096, around the time of the First Crusade. Wladyslaw, a tolerant ruler, attracted the Jews into his domains, and permitted to settle throughout the entire country without restriction. Soon Zbigniew and Boleslaw decided to join forces and demanded that the reigns of the government should be handed over to them. Wladyslaw agreed to divide the realm between the brothers, each to be granted his own province while he himself kept control of Mazovia and its capital at Plock. Wladyslaw also retained control of the most important cities i.e. Wroclaw, Kraków and Sandomierz. Zbigniew’s province encompassed Greater Poland including Gniezno, Kuyavia, Leczyca and Sieradz. Boleslaw’s territory included Lesser Poland, Silesia and Lubusz Land. However, Sieciech, alarmed by the evident diminution of his power, began to intrigue against the brothers. Wladyslaw decided to support him against his own sons. Defeated, in 1101 and after the mediation of the Archbishop of Gniezno Martin, the Duke was forced to confiscate Sieciech's properties and exiled him. Wladyslaw died on 4 June 1102, without resolving the issue of succession, leaving his sons to struggle for supremacy. His body was interned in the Plock Cathedral. Wladyslaw founded several churches in Poland. Most notably he was the founder of the Romanesque Wawel Cathedral of which the Silver Bells Tower still remains standing. He was also very fond of Saint Giles (Polish: Idzi) to whom he founded no less than 3 churches: in Kraków, Inowlodz and Giebultow. This is attributed to the fact that while his first wife was finally pregnant after six years of childless marriage, the Duke sent rich gifts to the Benedictine monastery of Saint Gilles in southern France, begging for a healthy child. When a boy was born, Wladyslaw began building churches in his honor. According to legend, he also founded a church - on the sand - dedicated to the Virgin Mary, which was later granted to the Carmelites. Before Wladyslaw took the title of Duke of Poland, probably during the 1070s, he had a relationship with a certain Przeclawa, whose exact origins are unknown, although some sources stated that she belonged to the Prawdzic clan. Her status is also a matter of dispute among the historians: some believed that she only was W?adyslaw's mistress and others asserted that she was his wife, but this union was performed under pagan rituals and in consequence not recognized by the Church as a valid marriage. By 1080, one year after Wladyslaw ascended to the Polish throne, Przeclawa either died or was sent away; it's believed by some sources that after she was dismissed by the Duke, Przeclawa took the veil under the name of Christina (Polish: Krystyna) and died around 1092. This union produced a son: 1. Zbigniew (b. c. 1070/73 – d. c. 1112/14), who was considered illegitimate. In 1080 Wladyslaw married firstly with Judith (b. c. 1056 – d. 25 December 1086), daughter of Duke (and since 1085 King) Vratislaus 2 of Bohemia. They had one son: 2. Boleslaw 3 Wrymouth (b. 20 August 1086 – d. 28 October 1138). In 1089 Wladyslaw married secondly with Judith (b. 9 April 1054 – d. 14 March c. 1105), daughter of Henry 3, Holy Roman Emperor and widow of King Solomon of Hungary. They had 4 daughters: 3. Sophia (b. c. 1089 – d. bef. 12 May 1112), married bef. 1108 to Yaroslav Sviatopolkovich, Prince of Volhynia, son of Sviatopolk 2 of Kiev. 4. Agnes (b. c. 1090 – d. 29 December 1127), Abbess of Quedlinburg (1110) and Gandersheim (1111). 5. Adelaide (b. c. 1091 – d. 25/26 March 1127), married bef. 1118 to Dietrich 3, Count of Vohburg and Margrave of the Northern March. 6. NN (b. c. 1092 – d. bef. 1111), married c. 1111 with a Polish lord. | av Polen, Vladislav (Wladyslaw) "Vladislav 1" (I3683)
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| 16497 | Wladyslaw 1 Herman died on 4 June 1102. The country was divided into 2 provinces, each administered by one of the late prince’s sons. The extent of each province closely resembled the provinces that the princes were granted by their father 3 years earlier, the only difference being that Zbigniew also controlled Mazovia with its capital at Plock, effectively ruling the northern part of the kingdom, while his younger half-brother Boleslaw ruled its southern portion. In this way two virtually separate states were created. According to some historians, Zbigniew tried to play the role of princeps or overlord, because at that time Boleslaw was only 16 years old. Because he was still too inexperienced to independently direct his domains, the local nobility gathered around him took great influence in the political affairs, included his teacher, Skarbimir from the Awdaniec family. They conducted separate policies internally as well as externally. They each sought alliances, and sometimes they were enemies of one another. Such was the case with Pomerania, towards which Boleslaw aimed his ambitions. Zbigniew, whose country bordered Pomerania, wished to maintain good relations with his northern neighbor. Boleslaw, eager to expand his dominion, organized several raids into Pomerania and Prussia. In Autumn of 1102 Boleslaw organized a war party into Pomerania during which his forces sacked Bialogard. As reprisal the Pomeranians sent retaliatory war parties into Polish territory, but as Pomerania bordered Zbigniew’s territory these raids ravaged the lands of the prince who was not at fault. Therefore, in order to put pressure on Boleslaw, Zbigniew allied himself with Borivoj 2 of Bohemia, to whom he promised to pay tribute in return for his help. By aligning himself with Boleslaw’s southern neighbor Zbigniew wished to compel Boleslaw to cease his raids into Pomerania. Boleslaw, on the other hand, allied himself with Kievan Rus and Hungary. His marriage to Zbyslava, the daughter of Sviatopolk 2 Iziaslavich in 1103, was to seal the alliance between himself and the prince of Kiev. However, Boleslaw's first diplomatic move was to recognize Pope Paschal 2, which put him in strong opposition to the Holy Roman Empire. A later visit of papal legate Gwalo, Bishop of Beauvais brought the church matters into order, it also increased Boleslaw's influence. Zbigniew declined to attend the marriage of Boleslaw and Zbyslava. He saw this union and the alliance with Kiev as a serious threat. Thanks to bribery, he therefore prevailed upon his ally, Borivoj 2 of Bohemia to invade Boleslaw’s province, ostensibly to claim the Polish crown. Boleslaw retaliated with expeditions into Moravia in 1104–1105, which brought the young prince not only loot, but also effectively disintegrated the alliance of Pomeranians and Zbigniew. During the return of the army, one part commanded by Zelislaw were defeated by the Bohemians. Boleslaw, who commanded the other part of the army, couldn't defeated them. Skarbimir, thanks to bribery, could stopped Borivoj 2. With a vast amount of money, the Bohemian ruler returned to his homeland and was concluded a short-lived peace with Bohemia. Then Borivoj 2 ended his alliance with Zbigniew. In order to paralyze the alliance of Pomerania and his older brother, Boleslaw carried out multiple attacks on northern land in 1103 (the battle of Kolobrzeg, where was defeated), and in 1104–1105, ended with success. The intervention of Boleslaw in the dynastic dispute in Hungary led him in a difficul political situation. At first, he supported the pretender Álmos, and marched to Hungary to help him. However, during the siege of Abaújvár in 1104, Álmos changed his mind and made peace conversations with his brother and rival King Coloman, at that point Zbigniew's ally. Boleslaw then retired his troops from Hungary and in 1105 made a treaty with Coloman. It was decided then that Boleslaw didn't support Álmos against the alliance Coloman-Zbigniew. In addition, the Hungarian King broke his agreements with the Bohemian Kingdom. The dynastic dispute in Prague between Borivoj 2 and his cousin Svatopluk caused the intervention of Boleslaw and his ally King Coloman in support of Svatopluk, with the main objective to place him in the Bohemian throne. However, a new rebellion of Álmos forced Coloman and his army to return Hungary. Boleslaw also decided to retreat. Svatopluk tried to master the city alone, but suffered a complete defeat; his attempt to seize power in Bohemia was unsuccessful. Also in 1105, Boleslaw entered into an agreement with his half-brother, in the same way like just a few years before entered with their stepmother Judith-Sophia (who in exchange of an abundant Oprawa wdowia (dower lands), secured her neutrality in Boleslaw's political contest with Zbigniew). The treaty, signed in Tyniec, was a compromise of both brothers in foreign policy; however, no agreement about Pomerania was settled there. One year later, the treaty ended when Zbigniew refused to help his half-brother in his fight against Pomerania. While hunting, Boleslaw was unexpectedly attacked by them. In the battle, the young prince almost lost his life. Bohemia, using the involvement of Boleslaw in the Pomeranian affairs as an excuse, attacked Silesia. The prince tried to re-established the alliance with his half-brother, without success. The effect of this refusal was the rapprochement to the Bohemian Kingdom in 1106. Boleslaw managed to bribe Borivoj 2 and have him join his side in the contest against Zbigniew and shortly after formally allied himself with Coloman of Hungary. With the help of his Kievan and Hungarian allies Boleslaw attacked Zbigniew’s territory, and began a civil war for the supreme power in Poland. The allied forces of Boleslaw easily took control of most important cities including Kalisz, Gniezno, Spycimierz and Leczyca, in effect taking half of Zbigniew’s lands. Through a mediation of Baldwin, Bishop of Kraków, a peace treaty was signed at Leczyca, in which Zbigniew officially recognized Boles?aw as the Supreme Prince of all Poland. However, he was allowed to retain Masovia as a fief. In 1107 Boleslaw 3 along with his ally King Coloman of Hungary invaded Bohemia in order to aid Svatopluk in gaining the Czech throne. The intervention in the Czech succession was meant to secure Polish interests to the south. The expedition was a full success: on 14 May 1107 Svatopluk was made Duke of Bohemia in Prague. Later that year Boleslaw undertook a punitive expedition against his brother Zbigniew. The reason for this was that Zbigniew had not followed his orders and had refused to burn down one of the fortresses of Kurów near Pulawy. Another reason was that Zbigniew had not performed his duties as a vassal by failing to provide military aid to Boleslaw for a campaign against the Pomeranians. In the winter of 1107–1108 with the help of Kievan and Hungarian allies, Boleslaw began a final campaign to rid himself of Zbigniew. His forces attacked Mazovia and quickly forced Zbigniew to surrender. Following this Zbigniew was banished from the country and with his followers, took refuge in Prague, where he found support in Svatopluk. From then Boleslaw was the sole lord of the Polish lands, though in fact his over-lordship began in 1107 when Zbigniew paid him homage as his feudal lord. In 1108 the balance of power in Europe changed. Svatopluk decided to paid homage to Emperor Henry 5 and in exchange received from him the formal investiture of Bohemia. At the same time King Coloman of Hungary was under attack by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia. Svatopluk also directed an attack to Poland; in this expedition took part Zbigniew and his followers. Boleslaw avoided a direct confrontation because he was busy in his fight against Pomerania. Now, the Polish-Hungarian coalition decided to give help and shelter to Borivoj 2. Later that year, Boleslaw and Coloman made an new expedition against Bohemia. This expedition was prompted by the invasion of the German-Bohemian coalition to Hungary (siege to Pozsony Castle) and the fact that Svatopluk, who owed Boles?aw his throne, didn't honor his promise in which he returned Silesian cities seized from Poland (Racibórz, Kamieniec, Kozle among others) by his predecessors. Boleslaw then decided to restore Borivoj 2 in the Bohemian throne. This attempt was unsuccessful as a result of the attack of the Pomeranians. Boleslaw was forced to bring his army to the north, where could repelled the invasion. Thanks to this situation, Borivoj 2 failed to regain the throne. In response to Boleslaw’s aggressive foreign policy, German king and Holy Roman Emperor Henry 5 undertook a punitive expedition against Poland in 1109 (the later called Polish-German War). In this fight, Henry 5 was assisted by Czech warriors provided by Svatopluk of Bohemia. The alleged reason for the war was the exile of Zbigniew and his restoration. Boleslaw received an ultimatum from the German King: he abandoned the expedition against him only if Zbigniew was restored with half of Poland as a rule, the formal recognition of the Holy Roman Empire as overlord and the payment of 300 pieces of fine silver as a regular tribute. Boleslaw rejected. During the negotiations between Germany and Poland, the Polish ruler was in the middle of a war against Pomerania. On the west side of the Oder river, Henry 5 hurriedly gathered knights for his expedition against Poland. Before the fight ended in Pomerania, the German troops have been able to approach Glogów. The military operations mainly taken place in southwestern Poland, in Silesia, where Henry 5’s army laid siege to major strongholds of Glogów, Wroclaw and Bytom Odrzanski. At this time along with the defense of towns, Boleslaw was conducting a highly effective guerrilla war against the Holy Roman Emperor and his allies, and eventually he defeated the German Imperial forces at the legendary Battle of Hundsfeld on 24 August 1109, who received that name because the dogs devoured the many corpses left in the battlefield. In the end Henry 5 was forced to withdraw from Silesia and Poland altogether. The heroic defense of towns by villagers, where Polish children were used as human shields by the Germans, in large measure contributed to the German inability to succeed and gave the battle a national character. In 1110 Boleslaw undertook an unsuccessful military expedition against Bohemia. His intention was to install yet another pretender on the Czech throne, Sobeslav 1, who sought refuge in Poland. During the campaign won a decisive victory against the Czechs at the Battle of Trutina on 8 October 1110; however, following this battle he ordered his forces to withdraw further attack against Bohemia. The reason for this is speculated to be the unpopularity of Sobeslav 1 among Czechs as well as Boleslaw’s unwillingness to further deteriorate his relations with the Holy Roman Empire. In 1111 a truce between Poland and the Holy Roman Empire was signed which stipulated that Sobeslav 1 would be able to return to Bohemia while Zbigniew would be able to return Poland. Boleslaw probably also agreed with the return of his half-brother as a result of pressure from the many supporters of the exiled prince in 1108, who according to the reports of Gallus Anonymus was surrounded to bad advisers (in this group unfavorable to Boleslaw was probably Martin 1, Archbishop of Gniezno). Once in Poland, Zbigniew could claim the sovereignty over his previous domains at the instigation of this group. The first step towards this was his presence in the Advent ceremonial (which was forbidden to him by Boleslaw after recognizing him as his overlord in Leczyca in 1107), which is reserved only for rulers. Zbigniew arrived surrounded by attendants, being carried before him a sword. This could be perceived by Boleslaw as an act of treason and caused a definitive breach in their relationship, under which Zbigniew was the vassal and Boleslaw the ruler. Probably these factors influenced Boles?aw's decision of a terrible punishment to Zbigniew: a year later, in 1112, he was blinded on Boleslaw’s orders. The blinding of Zbigniew caused a strong negative reaction among Boles?aw's subjects. Unlike blinding in the east, blinding in medieval Poland was not accomplished by burning the eyes out with a red hot iron rod or knife, but a much more brutal technique was employed in which the condemned's eyes were pried out using special pliers. The convict was then made to open his eyes and if they did not do so, their eyelids were also removed. Contemporary sources don't provide clear information if Boleslaw was indeed excluded from the community of the Church. Is generally believed that Archbishop Martin I of Gniezno (who was a strong supporter of Zbigniew) excommunicated Boleslaw for committing this crime against his half-brother. The excommunication exempted all Boleslaw's subjects from his oath to obedience. The prince was faced with a real possibility of uprising, of the sort that deposed Boles?aw the Bold. Seeing his precarious situation Boleslaw sought the customary penance that would reconcile the high priesthood. According to Gallus Anonymus, Boleslaw first fasted for forty days and made gifts to the poors: ...He slept in ashes and sackcloth, among the streams of tears and sobs, as he renounced communion and conversation with people. It's possible that Boleslaw decided to celebrate a public penance as a result of the negative public response to the blinding of Zbigniew. His intention with this was to rebuild his weakened authority and gain the favor of Zbigniew's supporters. Punishment of blinding was used in medieval Europe to the rebellious nobles. This act of Boles?aw against his half-brother could be received by the Polish society as a breach of the principle of solidarity among the members of the ruling dynasty, accepting the foundation of public order. According to Gallus, Boleslaw also sought and received forgiveness from his half-brother. In the next part of his penance, the prince made a pilgrimage to Hungary to the Abbeys of Saint Giles in Somogyvár and King Saint Stephen I in Székesfehérvár. The pilgrimage to the Abbey of Saint Giles also had a political goal; Boleslaw strengthened his ties of friendship and alliance with the Arpad dynasty. Following his return to Poland, Boleslaw even traveled to Gniezno to pay further penance at the tomb of Saint Adalbert of Prague, were poor people and clergy received numerous costly gifts from the prince. Only after this the excommunication was finally lifted. Following his repentance the Polish prince made a vague commitment to the Church. About Zbigniew's death there are not preserved information. In the obituary of the Benedictine monastery in Lubi? dated 8 July 1113 was reported the death of a monk in Tyniec called brother Zbigniew. Historians believed that he could be Boleslaw's half-brother. The information marked that his burial place was in the Benedictine monastery of Tyniec. The separation of Pomerania during the reign of Casimir 1 the Restorer contributed to the weakening of the Polish state, and subsequent rulers during the second half of the 11th century weren't able to unite all the lands that once belonged to Mieszko 1 and Boleslaw 1 the Brave. All attempts made to reconquer this area failed. Only after defeating Zbigniew and repelling the claims of Bohemia against Silesia during the Polis-German War of 1109, Boleslaw 3 Wrymouth was able to direct the expansion to the West, which he intended to return to Poland. The issue of conquest of Pomerania had been a lifelong pursuit for Boleslaw 3 Wrymouth. His political goals were twofold; First – to strengthen the Polish border on the Notec river line, Second – to subjugate Pomerania with Polish political overlordship but without actually incorporating it into the country with the exception of Gdansk Pomerania and a southern belt north of river Notec which were to be absorbed by Poland. By 1113 the northern border has been strengthened. The fortified border cities included: Santok, Wielen, Naklo, Czarnków, Ujscie and Wyszogród. Some sources report that the border began at the mouth of river Warta and Oder in the west, ran along the river Notec all the way to the Vistula river. Before Boleslaw 3 began to expand in Gdansk Pomerania (Pomerelia), he normalized his political relations with Bohemia. This took place in 1114 at a great convention on the border of the Nysa Klodzka river. In addition to Boleslaw also assisted Bohemian princes of the Premyslid line: Vladislaus 1, Otto 2 the Black and Sobeslav 1. The pact was sealed by the marriage of Boleslaw (a widower since his wife Zbyslava's death) with Vladislaus 1 and Otto 2's sister-in-law, the German noblewoman Salomea of Berg. After being normalized his relations with Bohemia, Boleslaw directed his efforts against Prussia, and in 1115 he made a victorious expedition, ravaging their tribal lands. As a result, the north-east border was at peace, which allowed to freely prepare the invasion to Gdansk Pomerania. The conquest of this part of the Pomeranian lands (made during 1115–19), crowned a long-time struggle of previous Polish rulers. The result was the complete incorporation of the territories on the Vistula River, including the castellany of Naklo, to Poland. Northern borders were established Polish Duchy probably on the line along the rivers Gwda and Uniesta (in later times currents of these rivers were the boundary between Pomerania and the Oder Slavic). It's also possible that the border ran along the Leba. The local rulers of the conquered Gdansk and Slupsk were removed from power and replaced by Polish nobles. Boleslaw also introduced Polish clerical organization, which was made in order to protect his interests in that territory. However, these areas refused to follow the church organization. The incorporation to the Polish Church occurred only during 1125–1126 at the time of the visit of Papal Legate Gilles, Cardinal-Bishop of Tusculum. During Boles?aw's Pomeranian campaign a formidable rebellion led by Count Palatine Skarbimir from the Awdaniec family began. The rebellion was quelled by the prince in 1117 and the mutinous nobleman were blinded as punishment. The conflict between Boleslaw and the Awdaniec family is difficult to explain due to the lack of sources. The cause was probably the growing influence of the family, the ambition and jealousy of Skarbimir against Boleslaw and his increased popularity. Another probable factor was the desire to put Wladyslaw 2, Boleslaw's first-born son, as the sole ruler after his death or also Boleslaw's fears to lose his position, as it was in the conflict with Sieciech. It was also suggested that Skarbimir entered in contacts with Pomeranians and Vladimir 2 Monomakh, Grand Prince of Kievan Rus'. Medieval historiography also associated the rebellion with the Law of Succession issued by Boleslaw. The problem with the principle of inheritance appeared between 1115 and 1116 (after the birth of his second son Leszek, first-born from his second marriage). According to one hypothesis Skarbimir objected the adoption of the statute who changed the traditional Polish succession customs. In the suppression of the rebellion played a major role Piotr Wlostowic of the Labedz family, who replaced Skarbimir as Count Palatine. Defeated, Skarbimir received a minor punishment from Boleslaw. The rebellion of Skarbimir also rested importance to the conquest of Gdansk Pomerania. Probably in the rebellion of Skarbimir intervened the Rurikid ruler Vladimir 2 Monomakh and his sons. In 1118 Monomakh incorporated Volhynia to his domains and expelled his ruler, Yaroslav Sviatopolkovich, who sought refuge firstly in Hungary, then in Poland. In Yaroslav's place, Monomakh put his son Roman as a ruler of Volhynia, and after his early death in 1119, replaced him with another son, Andrew, who in 1120 invaded Polish territory with the support of the Kipchaks tribe. A year later, Boleslaw with the exiled Yaroslav (who was his brother-in-law), organized a retaliatory expedition to Czermno. After this, for several years Boleslaw intervened in the dynastic disputes of the House of Rurik. During the 1120s the Kievan princes continue their expeditions against Poland. The neutrality of the neighboring Principality of Peremyshl was attributed to Count Palatine Piotr Wlostowic, who in 1122 captured Prince Volodar. A year later Boleslaw intervened again in Volhynia, where he wanted to restore Yaroslav. The expedition (aided by the Bohemian, Hungarian, Peremyshl and Terebovl forces) failed due to the death of Yaroslav and the stubborn resistance of the besieged Volodymyr-Volynskyi, aided by Skarbimir's supporters. This failed military expedition led to disturbances in the Polish-Hungarian-Halych alliance. | av Polen, Boleslav (Boleslaw) "Boleslav 3" (I3681)
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| 16498 | Wollert Krohn-Hansen var en norsk biskop. Han er særlig kjent som biskop fra okkupasjonstiden, og som pådriver for oppdelingen av Hålogaland bispedømme. Krohn-Hansen ble cand.theol. ved Det teologiske fakultet, Universitetet i Oslo i 1914. Han gjorde tjeneste som sokneprest i Værøy og Røst fra 1915, Ofoten fra 1922 og Narvik fra 1929. I 1936 ble han domprost i Tromsø. I 1940, 14 dager før invasjonen av Norge, ble han biskop i Hålogaland. Sammen med de andre av Den norske kirkes biskoper nedla han sitt statlige embete i 1942 i protest mot Quisling-regimet. Han fortsatte imidlertid den rent kirkelige tjenesten til han i 1943 ble internert på Helgøya i Mjøsa. Under tiden på Helgøya forrettet han en ordinasjonsgudstjeneste i Helgøya kirke der han presteviet 18 teologiske kandidater som også var internert. Etter krigen reiste han svært mye innenfor bispedømmet i forbindelse med gjenreisningsarbeidet. Krohn-Hansen var en pådriver for at Hålogaland bispedømme skulle deles inn i to mindre bispedømmer. Hans arbeide for dette førte fram, og i 1952 ble bispedømmet delt i Nord-Hålogaland (tilsvarende Finnmark og Troms fylker) og Sør-Hålogaland bispedømme (tilsvarende Nordland). Han valgte selv å flytte fra Tromsø til Bodø og fortsette som biskop i Sør-Hålogaland, mens Alf Wiig ble den første biskop i Nord-Hålogaland. Krohn-Hansen vigslet den nye Domkirken i Bodø i 1956. I 1959 gikk han av for aldersgrensen. Etter at han ble pensjonist fortsatte han som prestevikar, og var også i en interimperiode rektor ved det Praktisk-Teologiske Seminar ved Universitetet i Oslo. Krohn-Hansen utgav Den brente jord; dagboksoptegnelser fra krigen og kirkekampen i Nord-Norge (1945). | Krohn-Hansen, Wollert (I14433)
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| 16499 | Woodlawn cementary. | Sivertsen Skrogstad, Thore (I2258)
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| 16500 | Woodlawn cementary. | Engebrektsdatter Foss, Sophie (Sophia) "Skrogstad" (I2994)
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